Top 10 hacking sites of 200011/26/2022 ![]() ![]() The aim is not to open the door to all private forms of political violence, nor is it to justify the abstract act of hacking. Moreover, it will also argue that just because hackers are outside the state does not automatically discount them as ethical actors and that when the state fails to protect people – whether it is due to a lack of ability, political will or because the state is the source of the threat – hackers can fill the void. At its core this paper will argue that political hacking can be justified when it is done to protect the vital interests of oneself or others. ![]() To navigate this tension this paper will develop an ethical framework based on the premise that hackers have exhibited instances where they have acted to protect people from harm at a time when there was no one else to do so. In a world increasingly obsessed with superheroes and villains, what do hackers represent? Are they a new force for good fighting against terrorists and hate groups, work the state is either unable or unwilling to do? Or do they hide in cyberspace carrying out their private wars fuelled by personal beliefs and vendettas with no oversight or control? Or both? As a result, it can be incredibly difficult to apply clear-cut statements of praise or criticism. While on the other hand, many of their causes – targeting terrorist groups, fighting for LGBTQ+ rights, and protecting people’s freedom of expression, autonomy and privacy – are intuitively good things to fight to protect. On the one hand, these hacks necessarily use political violence outside the usual state-sanctioned systems without any clear moral authority and often for their own political goals. These large, politically orientated hacker collectives have targeted a range of actors over a number of issues, all without a consistent set of ethical statements to guide or evaluate their activity. In recent years the power and reach of prominent hacker collectives such as Anonymous has been clearly demonstrated. This means that the framework can be used to both justify and condemn hacking depending on the circumstances, allowing those on the outside to distil and evaluate a political hack, both past and present, while guiding hacker collectives by providing clearer ethical tools for determining the appropriate agendas and methods. In order to achieve this, first it is necessary to highlight the space for hackers to operate second, guide hacker activity by creating an ethical framework detailing what actions are justified towards what end third, to offer mechanisms that can aid in reaching these ethically justified decisions and as a result, inform further ethical debates on how to react to these political hackers. However, in a world where hackers are able to wield significant online power, can they do so ethically as legitimate agents? To answer this question this paper will develop an ethical framework based on the premise that hackers have exhibited instances where they have acted to protect people from harm at a time when there was no one else to do so. In recent years the power and reach of prominent hacker groups such as Anonymous and LulzSec has been clearly demonstrated. ![]()
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